Level 3 Lesson 40.2 – 菜一上桌，大家的筷子就都拿起来了。
GRAMMAR: Complex Complements of Direction in Chinese，复合趋向补语
In this HSK 3 video lesson we'll learn how to use Simple Complements of Direction to form Complex Complements of Direction, and also how to use the later in sentences.
- 简单趋向补语 (Jiǎndān Qūxiàng Bǔyǔ ▸ Simple Complements of Direction)
- 复合趋向补语 (Fùhé Qūxiàng Bǔyǔ ▸ Complex Complements of Direction)
GRAMMAR
Review. 趋向补语
Qūxiàng Bǔyǔ ▸ Complements of Direction
| ☑ See also Summary of 补语 (Bǔyǔ ▸ Complements). |
| ☑ See also 趋向补语 (Qūxiàng Bǔyǔ ▸ Complements of Direction): 去(qù ▸ to go over) and 来(lái ▸ to come over). |
| ☑ See also 趋向补语 (Qūxiàng Bǔyǔ ▸ Complements of Direction): 上(shàng ▸ to move upwards), 下(xià ▸ to move downwards) and 过(guò ▸ to pass). |
(aGrammar 1. 简单趋向补语 vs. 复合趋向补语
Jiǎndān Qūxiàng Bǔyǔ vs. Fùhé Qūxiàng Bǔyǔ ▸ Simple Complements of Direction vs. Complex Complements of Direction
简单趋向动词 (Jiǎndān Qūxiàng Dòngcí ▸ Simple Directional Verbs):
Below are the 简单趋向动词 (Jiǎndān Qūxiàng Dòngcí ▸ Simple Directional Verbs) that we have learned before:
| lái 来 to come |
qù 去 to go |
shàng 上 to move upwards |
xià 下 to move downwards |
jìn 进 to enter |
chū 出 to exit |
huí 回 to return |
guò 过 to go pass; to go through |
qǐ 起 to rise from low to high |
dào 到 to arrive |
简单趋向补语 (Jiǎndān Qūxiàng Bǔyǔ ▸ Simple Complements of Direction):
When Simple Directional Verbs are used after a verb (phrase), as its Complement, it's called a 简单趋向补语 (Jiǎndān Qūxiàng Bǔyǔ ▸ Simple Complements of Direction):
| v. + 来 | v. + 去 | v. + 上 | v. + 下 | v. + 进 | v. + 出 | v. + 回 | v. + 过 | v. + 起 | v. + 到 |
复合趋向动词 (Fùhé Qūxiàng Dòngcí ▸ Complex Directional Verbs):
复合趋向动词 (Fùhé Qūxiàng Dòngcí ▸ Complex Directional Verbs) are structured like this: Simple Direction Verb + 来 or 去:
| shàng 上 to move upwards |
xià 下 to move downwards |
jìn 进 to enter |
chū 出 to exit |
huí 回 to return |
guò 过 to go pass; to go through |
qǐ 起 to rise from low to high |
dào 到 to arrive |
| shànglái 上来 to come up |
xiàlái 下来 to come down |
jìnlái 进来 to come in |
chūlái 出来 to come out |
huílái 回来 to come back |
guòlái 过来 to come over (here) |
qǐlái 起来 to rise up; to get up |
dào...lái 到…来 to come over (and) arrive... |
| shàngqù 上去 to go up |
xiàqù 下去 to go down |
jìnqù 进去 to go in |
chūqù 出去 to go out |
huíqù 回去 to go back |
guòqù 过去 to go over (there) |
/ | dào...qù 到…去 to go over (and) arrive... |
复合趋向补语 (Fùhé Qūxiàng Bǔyǔ ▸ Complex Complements of Direction):
When Complex Directional Verbs are used after a verb (phrase), as its Complement, it's called a 复合趋向补语 (Fùhé Qūxiàng Bǔyǔ ▸ Complex Complements of Direction):
| v. + 上来 | v. + 下来 | v. + 进来 | v. + 出来 | v. + 回来 | v. + 过来 | v. + 起来 | v. + 到...来 |
| v. + 上去 | v. + 下去 | v. + 进去 | v. + 出去 | v. + 回去 | v. + 过去 | / | v. + 到...去 |
Grammar 2. 复合趋向动词的用法
Fùhé Qūxiàng Dòngcí De Fòngfǎ ▸ Usage of Complex Complements of Direction
(1) Verb Predicate + Complex Complement of Direction
In the above structure,
- the verb predicate tells us the method or nature of motion, whether it is by running, jumping, taking, calling, borrowing, returning, paddling, or standing
- the Complex Complements of Direction tell us about the direction or path of the motion.
For example,
- Tā de chē shì cóng fùjìn kāi guòlái de.
他的车是从附近开过来的。
(It was) from (a) nearby-place (that) his car (was) driven-(with the direction of)-“going pass (the distance)”-(and)-“coming towards (here)”. - Gāngqín bìxū jīntiān bān guòqù.
钢琴必须今天搬过去。
(The) piano must today (be) moved-(with the direction of)-“going pass (the distance)”-(and)-“going (over there)”. - Tā cóng yī lóu pǎo shànglái cānjiā huìyì.
他从一楼跑上来参加会议。
He from (the-)1(st)-Floor ran-(with the direction of)-“moving up”-(and)-“coming (over here)” to join (the) meeting. - Yì píng píjiǔ gāng hē xiàqù, tā jiù zuì le.
一瓶啤酒刚喝下去，他就醉了。
One bottle (of) beer just (has been) drunk-(with the direction of)-“going down”-(and)-“going away from (here)”, he “then” got-drunk (already). - Cài yí shàng zhuō, dàjiā de kuàizi jiù dōu ná qǐlái le.
菜一上桌，大家的筷子就都拿起来了。
“Once immediately after” (the) dish (has been) moved-onto (the) table, everyone’s chopsticks “then” all (were) picked-(with the direction of)-moving up.
(2) Verb Predicate + Complex Complement of Direction Character 1 + Object +
Complex Complement of Direction Character2
When the verb predicate is followed by an Object that indicates location or place, the Object needs to be put in-between the two characters of the Complex Complement of Direction.
For example,
- Lǎorén zǒu shàng fēijī lái.
老人走上飞机来。
(The) senior-person walked-(with the direction of)-“going onto” (the) plane. - Mǎ pǎo xià shān qù le.
马跑下山去了。
(The) horse ran-(with the direction of)-“going down from” (the) mountain. - Duìbuqǐ, dòngwù bù néng dài jìn jiǔdiàn lái.
对不起，动物不能带进酒店来。
Sorry, animals cannot (be) brought-(with the direction of)-“coming into” (the) hotel.
What happened to the neutral tone of lai and qu in the complex complements?
In level 2 chapter 11 they are in the neutral tone, but in this chapter all pinyin have tones
Dear Apple,
We’re so glad you noticed, allow us to explain.
Simple complements are always pronounced in the neutral tone.
For example:
回来 huílai
过去 guòqu
Complex complements such as:
站起来 zhàn qǐlái
走过来 zǒu guòlái
can sometimes be in the neutral tone and sometimes be their original tone.
Because of this we decided to write them with their original tone as it does not affect communication.